Wednesday, October 28, 2009
Short Introduction of AIDS:-
Soon as detected cases in injecting drug users and recipients of blood transfusions. By the year 1982 and the name of the disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Since then, AIDS has killed nearly 25 million people in all parts of the world, orphaned 12 million children in Africa alone.
AIDS is caused by a virus acquired through direct contact with infected body fluids. And causes immunodeficiency virus attacking type of white blood cells that help fight infection. Because this leads to various diseases, and not a single disease, AIDS and referred to the syndrome. A virus called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Sex without protection from HIV on the main road leading to humans, as it targets white blood cells known as CD4. The virus replicates within, in the end to the explosion of the body and the floods that billions of dollars. The immune system then kicks in, and the virus body and wages war. At the height of the Battle of billions of CD4 cells can be destroyed in one day. As the cell count drops, the immune system begins to fail and opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis action.
Saturday, October 17, 2009
Smallpox History ( Infectious Disease ):
Smallpox Disease:
Smallpox is a serious disease, contagious and sometimes fatal diseases. There is no specific treatment for smallpox, and the only prevention is vaccination. The name smallpox is derived from the Latin word which means "spotted" and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person.
There are two clinical forms of smallpox. Variola major is the severe and most common form of smallpox, with a more extensive rash and high fever. There are four types of variola major smallpox: ordinary (the most common type, which represents 90% or more of cases); modified (mild and occurring in previously vaccinated persons); flat; and hemorrhagic (both rare and very severe). Historically, variola major has a total mortality rate of about 30%, however, flat and hemorrhagic smallpox are usually fatal. Variola minor is less common presentation of smallpox, the disease is much less severe, with death rates historically of 1% or less.
A smallpox outbreak has occurred from time to time for thousands of years, but now the elimination of the disease after the success of the vaccination program in all parts of the world. The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949. In the latter case that occurs naturally in the world was in Somalia in 1977. After the disease has been eradicated from the world, routine vaccination against smallpox among the general public stopped because it is no longer necessary for prevention.
As it comes from smallpox
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged in human societies for thousands of years. Except for laboratory stockpiles, the variola virus has been eliminated. However, in the wake of the events of September and October 2001, there was growing concern that smallpox virus could be used as bioterrorism. For this reason, the Government of the United States to take preventive measures to deal with an outbreak of smallpox.
Transition
In general, direct and fairly prolonged face to face contact is required to spread smallpox from one person to another. Smallpox can also be spread through direct contact with infected body fluids or contaminated objects such as bedding or clothing. Rarely, smallpox could spread by viruses in the air in enclosed spaces such as buildings, buses and trains. Human beings are the only natural hosts of smallpox. Smallpox is not known to be transmitted by insects or animals.
A person with smallpox is sometimes contagious with onset of fever (phase prodrome), but the person becomes most contagious with the beginning of the rash. At this stage of the infected person is usually very sick and unable to move in the community. The injured person is contagious until the last smallpox try falls off.
Smallpox Disease:
The incubation period (Duration: 7 to 17 days) Not intended
Exposure to the virus is followed by an incubation period during which people do not have any symptoms, and may feel fine. This incubation period averages about 12 to 14 days but can range from 7 to 17 days. During this time, and people are not contagious.
The initial symptoms (Prodrome) (Duration: from 2 to 4 days) * In some cases, infectious
The first symptoms of smallpox include fever, malaise, headache and body, and sometimes vomiting. Fever is usually high, in a range of 101 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit. At this time, and people tend to be very satisfactory for the exercise of their normal activities. This is called the prodrome phase and May last for 2 to 4 days.
In the early Rush (Duration: about 4 days) Most infections
Rash distribution: Rash distribution
Rash appears in the first appearance of small red spots on the tongue and mouth.
These spots develop into sores that break open and spread large amounts of virus in the mouth and throat. At this time, the person becomes contagious.
Soon and sores in the mouth break down, a rash appears on the skin, and begins on the face and spreads to the arms and legs and hands and feet. Usually the rash spreads to all parts of the body within 24 hours. The appearance of the rash, fever, and usually located on the person may start to feel better.
On the third day of the rash, the rash becomes raised bumps.
On the fourth day and bumps that are filled with a thick, clear liquid and is often depressed in the middle like the navel. (This is the main characteristic features of smallpox.)
Fever often will rise again at this time, and remain high until scabs form over the bumps.
Pustular Rash (Duration: about 5 days) Infectious
Bumps become pustules - sharply raised, usually round and firm to the touch and if there was a small round object under the skin. Often people say that I feel bumps B pellets embedded in the skin.
Pustules and scabs (Duration: about 5 days) Infectious
Pustules begin to form crust, and then try.
By the end of the second week after the rash appears, most of the sores have scabbed over.
Solution fuss (Duration: about 6 days) Infectious
Scabs begin to decline, leaving marks on the skin that eventually become a place scars. Most scabs will be dropped after three weeks of the appearance of the rash.
Person infectious to others until all of the fuss declined.
Solve the fuss Not intended
Fuss declined. The person is no longer contagious.
Tetanus ( Infectious Disease ):
Introduction:
• Tetanus is a serious disease caused by bacteria found in dust and soil, and manure1
• Tetanus enters the body through many types of wounds, from skirmishes wound1 deep
• Bacteria live in all parts of world1
• Tetanus is commonly called "lockjaw" because it can cause stiffness in the jaw muscles1
What are the symptoms?.
- Headache
- Hardening of the jaw (lockjaw)
- Severe muscle spasms
- Sweating
- Fever
- Hardening of the abdominal muscles
- Difficulty in swallowing
• Lockjaw is one of the most dangerous symptoms because it can lead to death by suffocation1
• Symptoms usually begin about 8 days after injury, but may vary at the beginning of the period from 3 to 3 days weeks1
How is tetanus treated?.
• Treatment for tetanus may include medications, surgery, and the bed rest2
• Even if a person recovers from tetanus, vaccination against tetanus, there is a need to ensure that he or she does not get it again.
Toxoplamosis (Infectious Disease):
Introduction:
Toxoplasmosis infection is caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Symptoms may include swollen lymph nodes, fever and a vague sense of ill, and sometimes sore throat, and blurred vision, pain in the eye.
*
People acquire the infection through the transfer of parasite eggs from contaminated objects in the mouth or by eating contaminated food.
*
Infected pregnant women may transmit the parasite to the fetus, and sometimes cause abortion and stillbirth, or serious problems in the fetus.
*
Usually, only people with a weakened immune system have symptoms, which may include weakness on one side of the body, confusion, coma, breathing difficulties, or malfunction of the device.
*
Doctors usually diagnose the infection through blood tests that detect antibodies against the parasite.
*
Cooking or freezing meat well and wash your hands thoroughly after handling raw meat, soil, or cat litter helps prevent the spread of infection.
*
Most people do not need a cure, but with adults and children who suffer from symptoms of infection treated with sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine Some Trade Names
DARAPRIM
With leukovorin.
Toxoplasma gondii exists in all parts of the world where there are cats. Parasite infects a large number of animals as well as people. Many people in the United States have been infected, despite the fact that they have developed symptoms of a few of the ever. Severe infection usually develops only in fetuses and people who have a weakened immune system due to AIDS, cancer, or drugs used to suppress rejection of organ transplants (immunosuppressants).
Although the parasite can grow in the tissues of many animals, and produce eggs (oocysts) only in the cells lining the intestines cats. Throwing eggs in the stool and can survive for up to 18 months in the soil.
People may acquire the infection through the transfer of Toxoplasma eggs from contaminated soil or other objects to the mouth or by eating contaminated food. Occasionally, animals such as pigs acquire toxoplasmosis from contact with contaminated soil from eating eggs. People can be infected by eating raw or undercooked meat from infected animals. The parasite is rarely transmitted through blood transfusions or through organ transplantation from an infected person.
A woman who acquires infection during pregnancy, toxoplasmosis gondii can be transferred to the fetus through the placenta. The result may be the death of the fetus and abortion, and, or a child born with congenital toxoplasmosis . A woman who was infected before pregnancy, which does not pass the parasite to the fetus.
People who suffer from a weakened immune system, particularly those suffering from AIDS or cancer or who are receiving drugs to prevent rejection of organ transplants, and in particular to the risk of toxoplasmosis. The symptoms usually in the situation of these people when the previously acquired toxoplasmosis infection is activated but can be developed when the device is transferred from an infected person. Infection usually affects the brain, but it may affect the eye or spread throughout the body (disseminate). In people who suffer from a weakened immune system due to AIDS, cancer, or immunosuppressants taken after organ transplants or for other reasons, toxoplasmosis is very dangerous and can be fatal if not treated.
Symptoms:
Most people who have immune system health symptoms are few and full recovery. Children who are born with congenital toxoplasmosis may be severely ill and die shortly after birth, or may have no symptoms until months or years later. Some never sick. Typical symptoms in newborn babies can include inflammation of the eyes (chorioretinitis), which can lead to blindness, as well as an enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice, rashes, easy bruising, seizures, head of a large or small, and mental retardation.
Toxoplasmosis acquired after birth in persons who have a healthy immune system rarely causes symptoms. When symptoms occur, they are usually simple and painless but include swollen lymph nodes, intermittent low fever, vague feeling of ill, and sometimes sore throat. Some people develop chorioretinitis only, with no clarity of vision, eye pain, sensitivity to light. Chorioretinitis usually as a result of the revitalization of congenital toxoplasmosis.
Symptoms of toxoplasmosis in people who suffer from a weakened immune system depends on the site of injury. Toxoplasmosis of the brain (encephalitis) and produces symptoms such as weakness on one side of the body, trouble speaking, headache, confusion, seizures, and coma. Acute disseminated toxoplasmosis can cause skin rash, high fever, chills, breathing disorders, and fatigue. In some people, cause infection and inflammation of the liver (hepatitis), lungs (pneumonia), or in the heart (myocarditis). Affected the device may stop working enough (called the failure of the device). These types of toxoplasmosis can be life threatening.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is usually based on blood tests that detect antibodies against the parasite. However, if the immune system is affected as a result of AIDS, and blood test may be falsely negative. To determine whether the fetus has been infected, and the doctor usually takes a sample of fluid around the fetus (amniotic fluid) for analysis. If toxoplasmosis of the brain is suspected, CT scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is done. Less commonly, a piece of tissue is removed and examined under the microscope (biopsy) to determine the parasite or distinctive proteins (antigens) issued by the parasites.
Prevention and treatment:
Pregnant women should avoid contact with cats. If the connection is not inevitable, and that pregnant women should at least avoid cleaning cat litter boxes or wear gloves when doing so. Meat should be cooked to a temperature of 165 to 170 ° Fahrenheit (74 to 77 degrees Celsius), and wash your hands thoroughly after handling raw meat, soil, or cat litter. The freezing temperature of 9 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius) or less as destroying the parasite.
The potential donors to test a device to prevent the spread of parasites through implanted devices. Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole Some Trade Names
Can be used to prevent toxoplasmosis. People who can not afford these drugs may be given pyrimethamine Some Trade Names
DARAPRIM
Dapsone with some brand names
ACZONE
. Another option is to atovaquone Some Trade Names
MEPRON
With or without pyrimethamine Some Trade Names
DARAPRIM
. Pyrimethamine because some trade names
DARAPRIM
Can damage the bone marrow, leucovorin is with them to help protect the bone marrow. Perhaps the people living with AIDS to be given anti-viral drugs are very active to reduce the risk of toxoplasmosis.
Adults without symptoms, a healthy immune system does not require treatment. With adults and children who suffer from symptoms of congenital toxoplasmosis are treated with sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine Some Trade Names
DARAPRIM
And leukovorin. Pyrimethamine is not higher than some brands
DARAPRIM
Commonly used in people with AIDS or other conditions that weaken the immune system. If people can not take sulfadiazine, clindamycin Some Trade Names
CLEOCIN
Can be used with pyrimethamine Some Trade Names
DARAPRIM
Instead. Women who may have access to toxoplasmosis during pregnancy treated with spiramycin to prevent transmission to the fetus. In addition to these medicines, and people with chorioretinitis given prednisone or another corticosteroid to reduce inflammation. In persons with AIDS, toxoplasmosis tend to repeat, and drugs and often continued indefinitely.
Trichinellosis ( Infectious Disease ):
Introduction:
Trichinellosis (trichinosis) is caused by nematodes (roundworms) of the genus Trichinella. In addition to the Under-classical T. spiralis (found in all parts of the world in the carnivores, and omnivorous many), many other species of Trichinella are now recognized, including T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds in all parts of the world), T. nativa (polar bears), T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers), and T. britovi (carnivores of Europe and Western Asia)
The clinical manifestations:-
The light of the infection may be asymptomatic. Intestinal invasion can be accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting). Larvae migrate to muscle tissue (one week after infection) can cause swelling of pilgrims and the face, conjunctivitis, fever, myalgias and a splinter haemorrhage, rash, and eosinophilia in the blood. Occasional life-threatening manifestations include myocarditis, central nervous system and participation, and pneumonia. Larval encystment in muscle and causes muscle weakness, followed by subsidence of symptoms.
Laboratory diagnosis:-
It can, on suspicion of trichinellosis (trichinosis), based on clinical symptoms and eosinophilia, can be confirmed by specific diagnostic tests, including the detection of antibodies, muscle biopsy, and microscopic examination.
Diagnostic Results
* Microscopic
* Detection from the body
Treatment:-
Several safe and effective medicines available to treat trichinellosis. Treatment should begin as soon as possible, and the decision to treat based on symptoms, and exposure to raw meat or undercooked, and the results of laboratory tests. Doping is used for infections with severe symptoms, in addition to mebendazole, * * with albendazole as an alternative. For additional information, see the recommendations contained in the letter of the drug medicine parasitic infection).
Tuberculosis (T.B.) Infectious Disease:
What is TB?
Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease that usually affects the lungs (pulmonary TB). Could be other parts of the body may also be affected, for example, lymph nodes, kidneys, bones and joints, etc. (extrapulmonary TB). Nearly 1,300 state are reported each year in New York.
TB is going on?
TB can affect anyone at any age. People with weakened immune systems are at increased risk.
How is the spread of TB?
Tuberculosis is spread through the air when a person who is suffering from tuberculosis treatment or sneezing. Prolonged exposure to a person with untreated TB usually is necessary for the occurrence of infection.
What is the difference between latent TB infection and TB disease?
Latent TB infection (LTBI) means the person has the TB bacteria in the body (usually lungs), but did not develop the symptoms clear. In latent TB infection, the person has a significant reaction in Mantoux skin test with no symptoms of tuberculosis, and tuberculosis of any organisms in sputum. TB is evidence of symptoms, a reaction to a large Manto skin test and organisms found in sputum. For the dissemination of TB germs, a person must tuberculosis. The presence of latent TB infection is not sufficient for the spread of MRSA. Tuberculosis may last for a lifetime of an infection, never developing the disease.
What are the symptoms of TB?
Symptoms of TB include low-grade fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss and persistent coughing. Some people may not be the symptoms and clear.
How do not show symptoms in the near future?
Most people infected with the germ that causes TB never active TB disease. If you do not develop active TB, can occur two to three months or years after infection at a later date. Reduces the risk of active disease with the passage of time.
When and how long is a person able to spread TB?
A person with TB disease may remain contagious until he / she has been on appropriate treatment for several weeks. However, an infected person with latent TB infection, but not the disease, and not the spread of infection to others, where there are no TB germs in the sputum.
What is the treatment for TB?
It should be infected with latent TB infection can be assessed for the course of preventive treatment, which usually includes taking medicine for tuberculosis for several months. A person with active TB must complete a course of treatment for six months or more. Initial treatment includes at least four anti-TB drugs, and medicines may be changed based on the results of laboratory tests. The plan must be exactly the medicines prescribed by your doctor. Directly observed treatment short-term under supervision) programs are recommended for all TB patients, to help them to complete the treatment.
What could be the impact of not being treated for TB?
In addition to the spread of the disease to others, a person other than the treatment may become severe illness or death.
What can be done to prevent the spread of TB?
The most important way to stop the spread of tuberculosis is for TB patients to cover mouth and nose when coughing, and to take all the TB medicine exactly as prescribed by the doctor.
What is TB multidrug-resistant)?
This refers to the ability of some strains of TB to grow and multiply even in the presence of some drugs that would normally kill them.
What is the scope and scale drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)?
Extensively drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is a subset of drug-resistant TB strains of the TB bacteria resistant to many of the best second-line drugs for tuberculosis control. These breeds is very difficult to treat. XDR-TB cases accounted for about 10 percent of TB cases multidrug-resistant.
Who gets the drug-resistant TB?
TB patients infected with drug-sensitive may develop drug-resistant tuberculosis if they do not take drugs for TB, as provided for, as well as TB patients who have been prescribed for the treatment plan effectively. TB patient with drug-resistant TB drugs can infect resistant to other individuals.
What is the treatment of drug-resistant TB?
For patients who suffer from the disease because of drug resistant organisms, expert consultation of specialists in the treatment of drug-resistant TB should be obtained. Patients who suffer from drug-resistant disease should be treated with drugs that the exposed organisms. The effectiveness of treatment for latent infection with drug-resistant TB is uncertain.
What can be done to prevent the spread of drug-resistant TB?
Ensure that people with MDR-TB drugs to take all patients and staff to cover the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing and can reduce the risk of the spread of drug-resistant TB. In addition, directly observed therapy should be used to ensure that patients complete the cycle of treatment recommended.
Rabbit Fever or Tularemia ( Infectious Disease ):
What is tularemia?
Tularemia, or rabbit fever, a bacterial disease associated with animals and humans alike. Although wild animals and poultry can be many of those infected, and the rabbit is most often involved in outbreaks of disease. Tularemia are relatively rare in the state of Illinois; five or fewer cases are reported each year.
Tularemia's going on?
The disease occurs in all parts of the United States in all months of the year. Injury, however, is higher for adults in the winter during the early season hunting rabbits and for children during the summer when ticks and deer flies are abundant.
How is tularemia spread?
Many of the ways of human exposure to tularemia bacteria are known to exist. Common methods include inoculation of the skin or mucous membranes with blood or tissue while handling infected animals, the bite of infected ticks and communication with the fluid from infected deer flies or ticks, or handling or eating rabbit meat is not cooked enough. Less common method of spread and contaminated drinking water, inhalation of dust from contaminated soil or handling contaminated skin or paws of animals. Tularemia is not transmitted from person to person.
What are the symptoms of tularemia?
Symptoms vary, depending on the course of the application. In those cases where a person is to deal with the animal carcass, symptoms may include slow-growing ulcer at the site where the bacteria entered the skin (usually the hand) and swollen lymph nodes. If the bacteria are inhaled, a pneumonia-like disease that can be followed. Those who absorb these bacteria may report a sore throat, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting.
How do not show symptoms in the near future?
Symptoms can appear between one and 14 days after exposure, but usually do so after three to five days.
What is the treatment for tularemia?
The drug of choice for the treatment of tularemia is streptomycin or gentamicin, although other antibiotics are also effective.
Years, with no infection, tularemia make a person immune?
Immunity over the long term and usually follows recovery from tularemia. However, it was reported injured again.
What can be done to prevent the spread of tularemia?
Several precautions can protect individuals from tularemia.
* Avoid drinking, bathing, swimming or working in untreated water where infection may be common among wild animals.
* Use impervious gloves when skinning or handling animals, especially rabbits.
* Cook meat of wild rabbits and rodents thoroughly.
* Avoid being bitten by deer flies and ticks. The following suggestions can help:
1. Check your clothing often for ticks climbing toward open skin. Wear white or light-colored long-sleeved shirts and long trousers even this small ticks are easy to see. Tuck long pants into your socks and shoes. Wear a headscarf or hat for extra protection.
2. For those who may not tolerate the wearing of these clothes in warm, muggy weather, and apply insect repellent that contains DEET (30 percent or less) to exposed skin (except face). Be sure to wash treated skin after coming indoors. If you do not cover, which contains the use of repellent permethrin to treat clothes (especially pants, socks and shoes), while in places where ticks may be common. Follow the instructions label; not misuse or overuse repellents. Always supervise children in the use of repellant.
3. Walking in the middle of the slopes of grass so as not to brush against you.
4. Check for yourself, children and other family members every two to three hours for ticks. And are rarely attached ticks most quickly and are rarely transferred tickborne disease until they were suspended for a period of four hours or more.
5. If you leave your pets outdoors, check them often for ticks. Insect infected with the disease can also be transported some tickborne diseases to them. (See your veterinarian about preventive measures against diseases tickborne.) You are in danger of tick-obstacle "ride" on the pet, but the decline in home before feeding.
6. Make sure that the property around your home is unattractive to ticks. Keep your grass cut and keep cut grass.
How should I remove the comment on that?
Remove any sign of urgency. Do not try to burn the tick or cover it up a match with petroleum jelly or nail polish. Do not use bare hands. The best way to remove the tick is to hold him with a fine-point tweezers as close as possible and the skin gently but firmly, pull it straight out. No trick or jerk the tick. If tweezers are not available, they tick with a piece of cloth or whatever can be used as a barrier between your fingers and ticks. You may want to tick in a jar of rubbing alcohol labeled with the date and place of the bite in case you seek medical attention and your physician wishes to have the tick identified.
And mouthparts of the tick are shaped like a small township and can remain an integral part of and lead to infection of the bite site if not removed correctly. Be sure to wash the bite area and your hands thoroughly with soap and water and apply antiseptic to the bite site.
Why are there concerns about tularemia as a biological weapons?
Tularemia, in the form of spray, and is considered a potential bioterrorist agent. Persons who breathe in infectious aerosol would likely experience severe respiratory diseases. Any suspected cases of inhalation tularemia immediately to the local administrations, and health status.
Typhoid Disease (infectious Disease) :
What is typhoid fever?
Typhoid fever is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi (S. typhi). People with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in the bloodstream and bowel and can spread infection directly to other people through contaminated food or water.
Typhoid fever is going on?
Anyone can get typhoid fever if you drink water or eat contaminated with the bacterium S. Typhi. Travelers who have visited developing countries are most at risk in order to get typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 12.5 million people each year. Only about 400 cases occur each year in the United States.
How can spread typhoid fever?
You can get typhoid fever from eating or drinking contaminated food or water. Could be food or water contaminated by a food handler with S. Typhi, or may be contaminated with sewage if the intention is happening in food or water. Some affected individuals may show no symptoms of typhoid fever, but can be disposed of S. typhi Bacteria in the stool for many years. These people, called typhoid fever "carriers." S. Typhoid exist only in humans.
What are the signs and symptoms of typhoid fever?.
If you have typhoid fever may have the following symptoms:
*
Continuous fever up to 104 °
*
Diarrhea
*
Constipation
*
Stomach pains
*
Headache
*
Malaise
*
Non-productive cough
*
Slow heart rate (slow)
*
Loss of appetite
How soon after exposure do not show symptoms?.
The symptoms usually occur within 1-2 weeks after exposure to the bacteria, but can occur days in the period of 3 - 3 months after exposure.
How is the diagnosis of typhoid fever?
Only a doctor can tell if you have typhoid fever. And blood or stool sample is needed for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Are examined samples of bacteria for S. Typhi.
Typhoid fever is how it treated?
Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics. Usually the person in the recovery of 2-3 days with antibiotic treatment orders. That people do not get immediate medical treatment may continue to have fever for weeks or months, and up to 20% may die from complications of the disease.
If you are being treated for typhoid fever, it is important to do the following:
*
Taking antibiotics prescribed for as long as the doctor has asked you to take them.
*
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the bathroom
*
Do not prepare or provide food to other people.
*
Have your doctor follow-up to collect stool samples to ensure that no S. typhi bacteria Stay in your body.
How can the prevention of typhoid fever to be?
If you travel to an area where the disease is common, use the following steps to protect yourself:
1.
Get vaccinated against typhoid fever. Whether by injection, vaccines available through the mouth. Visit a doctor or travel clinic to discuss your options vaccination. Vaccines are not 100% effective, so it is important to take these additional measures to prevent typhoid fever.
2.
Using the careful selection of food and drink, while you are in a developing country. This will help protect you from other diseases such as cholera, dysentery and hepatitis A.
3.
However, the use of clean water. Purchase or packaged to make sure it has reached a rolling boil for one minute at least before it becomes drinkable. Bottles of carbonated water is safer than water uncarbonated.
4.
We ask for drinks without ice and snow unless he or packaged in bottles made of boiling water.
5.
Only foods that have been thoroughly cooked.
6.
Avoid raw vegetables and fruits that can not be peeled.
7.
When dealing with fresh fruits or vegetables that can be peeled, wash hands with soap, and peel them yourself. Do not eat peelings.
8.
Avoid foods and drinks from street vendors. Many travelers get sick from food bought from street vendors.
Remember:
1.
Even if your symptoms go away without treatment, you may still carry the bacteria S. Typhoid, and the illness could return and pass it to other people.
2.
If you work in a job where you can deal with food or care for young children, should not return to work until a doctor has determined that no longer bear any bacteria S.typhi.
3.
Even if you are vaccinated, you must carefully choose food and drink, especially when visiting areas where typhoid fever is common.
Friday, October 16, 2009
Chicken Pox Virus or Varicella (Infectious Disease):
Introduction:
Chickenpox is one of the classic childhood diseases, and one of the most contagious. The affected child or adult may develop hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts. Chickenpox is caused by a virus.
The virus that causes chickenpox is varicella-zoster, a member of the herpesvirus family. The same virus also causes herpes zoster (shingles) in adults.
Causes
In a typical scenario, a young child is covered in pox and out of school for a week. The first half of the week the child feels miserable from intense itching; the second half from boredom. Since the introduction of the chickenpox vaccine, classic chickenpox is much less common.
Chickenpox is extremely contagious, and can be spread by direct contact, droplet transmission, and airborne transmission. Even those with mild illness after the vaccine may be contagious.
When someone becomes infected, the pox usually appear 10 to 21 days later. People become contagious 1 to 2 days before breaking out with pox. They remain contagious while uncrusted blisters are present.
Once you catch chickenpox, the virus usually remains in your body for your lifetime, kept in check by the immune system. About 1 in 10 adults will experience shingles when the virus re-emerges during a period of stress.
Most cases of chickenpox occur in children younger than ten. The disease is usually mild, although serious complications sometimes occur. Adults and older children usually get sicker than younger children do.
Children under one year of age whose mothers have had chickenpox are not very likely to catch it. If they do, they often have mild cases because they retain partial immunity from their mothers' blood. Children under one year of age whose mothers have not had chickenpox, or whose inborn immunity has already waned, can get severe chickenpox.
The pox are worse in children who have other skin problems, such as eczema or a recent sunburn.
Complications are more common in those who are immunocompromised from an illness or medicines like chemotherapy. Some of the worst cases of chickenpox have been seen in children who have taken steroids during the incubation period, before they have any symptoms.
Symptoms
Most children with chickenpox act sick with vague symptoms, such as a fever, headache, tummy ache, or loss of appetite, for a day or two before breaking out in the classic pox rash. These symptoms last 2 to 4 days after breaking out.
The average child develops 250 to 500 small, itchy, fluid-filled blisters over red spots on the skin (“dew drops on a rose petal”). The blisters often appear first on the face, trunk, or scalp and spread from there. Appearance of the small blisters on the scalp, found in 80% of cases, clinches the diagnosis. After a day or two, the blisters become cloudy and then scab. Meanwhile, new crops of blisters spring up in groups. The pox often appear in the mouth, in the vagina, and on the eyelids. Children with skin problems such as eczema may get more than 1,500 pox.
Most pox will not leave scars unless they become contaminated with bacteria from scratching.
Some children who have had the vaccine will still develop a mild case of chickenpox. They usually recover much quicker and only have a few pox (<>
West Nile Disease ( infectious Disease ) :
Introduction:
West Nile virus (WNV) is a potentially serious illness. Experts believe WNV is established as a seasonal epidemic in North America that flares up in the summer and continues into the fall. This fact sheet contains important information that can help you recognize and prevent West Nile virus.
Prevention of WNV:-
The easiest and best way to avoid WNV is to prevent mosquito bites.
Symptoms of WNV:-
How Does West Nile Virus Spread:-
How Soon Do Infected People Get Sick:-
People typically develop symptoms between 3 and 14 days after they are bitten by the infected mosquito.
How Is WNV Infection Treated?.
There is no specific treatment for WNV infection. In cases with milder symptoms, people experience symptoms such as fever and aches that pass on their own, although even healthy people have become sick for several weeks. In more severe cases, people usually need to go to the hospital where they can receive supportive treatment including intravenous fluids, help with breathing and nursing care.
What Should I Do if I Think I Have WNV?.
Milder WNV illness improves on its own, and people do not necessarily need to seek medical attention for this infection though they may choose to do so. If you develop symptoms of severe WNV illness, such as unusually severe headaches or confusion, seek medical attention immediately. Severe WNV illness usually requires hospitalization. Pregnant women and nursing mothers are encouraged to talk to their doctor if they develop symptoms that could be WNV.
Risks of Getting Sick from WNV:-
People over 50 at higher risk to get severe illness. People over the age of 50 are more likely to develop serious symptoms of WNV if they do get sick and should take special care to avoid mosquito bites.
Being outside means you're at risk. The more time you're outdoors, the more time you could be bitten by an infected mosquito. Pay attention to avoiding mosquito bites if you spend a lot of time outside, either working or playing.
Risk through medical procedures is very low. All donated blood is checked for WNV before being used. The risk of getting WNV through blood transfusions and organ transplants is very small, and should not prevent people who need surgery from having it. If you have concerns, talk to your doctor.
Pregnancy and nursing do not increase risk of becoming infected with WNV. The risk that WNV may present to a fetus or an infant infected through breastmilk is still being evaluated. Talk with your care provider if you have concerns.
What Else Should I Know?.
If you find a dead bird: Don't handle the body with your bare hands. Contact your local health department for instructions on reporting and disposing of the body. They may tell you to dispose of the bird after they log your report.
Yellow Fever ( infectious Disease):
Introduction:-
Yellow fever is a viral disease that has caused large epidemics in Africa and the Americas. It can be recognized from historic texts stretching back 400 years. Infection causes a wide spectrum of disease, from mild symptoms to severe illness and death. The "yellow" in the name is explained by the jaundice that affects some patients. Although an effective vaccine has been available for 60 years, the number of people infected over the last two decades has increased and yellow fever is now a serious public health issue again.
Causes:-
The disease is caused by the yellow fever virus, which belongs to the flavivirus group. In Africa there are two distinct genetic types (called topotypes) associated with East and West Africa. South America has two different types, but since 1974 only one has been identified as the cause of disease outbreaks.
Symptom:-
The virus remains silent in the body during an incubation period of three to six days. There are then two disease phases. While some infections have no symptoms whatsoever, the first, "acute", phase is normally characterized by fever, muscle pain (with prominent backache), headache, shivers, loss of appetite, nausea and/or vomiting. Often, the high fever is paradoxically associated with a slow pulse. After three to four days most patients improve and their symptoms disappear.
However, 15% enter a "toxic phase" within 24 hours. Fever reappears and several body systems are affected. The patient rapidly develops jaundice and complains of abdominal pain with vomiting. Bleeding can occur from the mouth, nose, eyes and/or stomach. Once this happens, blood appears in the vomit and faeces. Kidney function deteriorates; this can range from abnormal protein levels in the urine (albuminuria) to complete kidney failure with no urine production (anuria). Half of the patients in the "toxic phase" die within 10-14 days. The remainder recover without significant organ damage.
Yellow fever is difficult to recognize, especially during the early stages. It can easily be confused with malaria, typhoid, rickettsial diseases, haemorrhagic viral fevers (e.g. Lassa), arboviral infections (e.g. dengue), leptospirosis, viral hepatitis and poisoning (e.g. carbon tetrachloride). A laboratory analysis is required to confirm a suspect case. Blood tests (serology assays) can detect yellow fever antibodies that are produced in response to the infection. Several other techniques are used to identify the virus itself in blood specimens or liver tissue collected after death. These tests require highly trained laboratory staff using specialized equipment and materials.
Regions affected:-
The virus is constantly present with low levels of infection (i.e. endemic) in some tropical areas of Africa and the Americas. This viral presence can amplify into regular epidemics. Until the start of this century, yellow fever outbreaks also occurred in Europe, the Caribbean islands and Central and North America. Even though the virus is not felt to be present in these areas now, they must still be considered at risk for yellow fever epidemics.
Thirty-three countries, with a combined population of 508 million, are at risk in Africa. These lie within a band from 15°N to 10°S of the equator. In the Americas, yellow fever is endemic in nine South American countries and in several Caribbean islands. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru are considered at greatest risk.
There are 200,000 estimated cases of yellow fever (with 30,000 deaths) per year. However, due to underreporting, only a small percentage of these cases are identified. Small numbers of imported cases also occur in countries free of yellow fever. Although yellow fever has never been reported from Asia, this region is at risk because the appropriate primates and mosquitoes are present.
Transmission:-
Humans and monkeys are the principal animals to be infected. The virus is carried from one animal to another (horizontal transmission) by a biting mosquito (the vector). The mosquito can also pass the virus via infected eggs to its offspring (vertical transmission). The eggs produced are resistant to drying and lie dormant through dry conditions, hatching when the rainy season begins. Therefore, the mosquito is the true reservoir of the virus, ensuring transmission from one year to the next.
Several different species of the Aedes and Haemogogus (S. America only) mosquitoes transmit the yellow fever virus. These mosquitoes are either domestic (i.e. they breed around houses), wild (they breed in the jungle) or semi-domestic types (they display a mixture of habits). Any region populated with these mosquitoes can potentially harbour the disease. Control programmes successfully eradicated mosquito habitats in the past, especially in South America. However, these programmes have lapsed over the last 30 years and mosquito populations have increased. This favours epidemics of yellow fever.
Infection of humans:-
There are three types of transmission cycle for yellow fever:
- sylvatiz
- intermediate
- urban
Sylvatic (or jungle) yellow fever:-
In tropical rainforests, yellow fever occurs in monkeys that are infected by wild mosquitoes. The infected monkeys can then pass the virus onto other mosquitoes that feed on them. These infected wild mosquitoes bite humans entering the forest resulting in sporadic cases of yellow fever. The majority of cases are young men working in the forest (logging, etc). On occasion, the virus spreads beyond the affected individual.
Intermediate yellow fever:-
In humid or semi-humid savannahs of Africa, small-scale epidemics occur. These behave differently from urban epidemics; many separate villages in an area suffer cases simultaneously, but fewer people die from infection. Semi-domestic mosquitoes infect both monkey and human hosts. This area is often called the "zone of emergence", where increased contact between man and infected mosquito leads to disease. This is the most common type of outbreak seen in recent decades in Africa. It can shift to a more severe urban-type epidemic if the infection is carried into a suitable environment (with the presence of domestic mosquitoes and unvaccinated humans).
Urban yellow fever:-
Large epidemics can occur when migrants introduce the virus into areas with high human population density. Domestic mosquitoes (of one species, Aedes aegypti) carry the virus from person to person; no monkeys are involved in transmission. These outbreaks tend to spread outwards from one source to cover a wide area.
Treatment:-
There is no specific treatment for yellow fever. Dehydration and fever can be corrected with oral rehydration salts and paracetamol. Any superimposed bacterial infection should be treated with an appropriate antibiotic. Intensive supportive care may improve the outcome for seriously ill patients, but is rarely available in poorer, developing countries.
Prevention:
Vaccination is the single most important measure for preventing yellow fever. In populations where vaccination coverage is low, vigilant surveillance is critical for prompt recognition and rapid control of outbreaks. Mosquito control measures can be used to prevent virus transmission until vaccination has taken effect.
Vaccination:
Yellow fever vaccine is safe and highly effective. The protective effect (immunity) occurs within one week in 95% of people vaccinated. A single dose of vaccine provides protection for 10 years and probably for life. Over 300 million doses have been given and serious side effects are extremely rare. However, recently a few serious adverse outcomes, including deaths, have been reported in Brazil, Australia and the United States. Scientists are investigating the cause of these adverse events, and monitoring to ensure detection of any similar incidents.
The risk to life from yellow fever is far greater than the risk from the vaccine, so those who may be exposed to yellow fever should be protected by immunization. If there is no risk of exposure, for example, if a person will not be visiting an endemic area, there is no necessity to receive the vaccine. Since most of the other known side effects have occurred in children less than six months old, vaccine is not administered to this age group. The vaccine should only be given to pregnant women during vaccination campaigns in the midst of an epidemic.
Vaccination can be part of a routine preventive immunization programme or can be done in mass "catch-up" campaigns to increase vaccination coverage in areas where it is low. The World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends routine childhood vaccination. The vaccine can be administered at age nine months, at the same time as the measles vaccine. Eighteen African nations have agreed to incorporate yellow fever vaccine into their routine national vaccination programmes. This is more cost effective and prevents more cases (and deaths) than when emergency vaccination campaigns are performed to control an epidemic.
Past experience shows the success of this strategy. Between 1939 and 1952 yellow fever cases almost vanished from French West Africa after intensive vaccination campaigns. Similarly, Gambia instituted mass routine vaccination after its 1979/1980 epidemic and later incorporated yellow fever vaccine into its childhood immunization programme. Gambia reported 85% vaccine coverage in 2000. No cases have been reported since 1980, yet the virus remains present in the environment.
To prevent an epidemic in a country, at least 80% of the population must have immunity to yellow fever. This can only be achieved through the effective incorporation of yellow fever into childhood immunization programmes and the implementation of mass catch-up campaigns. The latter is the only way to ensure that coverage of all susceptible age groups is achieved and will prevent outbreaks from spreading. Very few countries in Africa have achieved this level to date.
Vaccination is highly recommended for travellers to high-risk areas. A vaccination certificate is required for entry to many countries, particularly for travellers arriving in Asia from Africa or South America. Fatal cases in unvaccinated tourists have been reported.
Surveillance:
Because vaccination coverage in many areas is not optimal, prompt detection of yellow fever cases and rapid response (emergency vaccination campaigns) are essential for controlling disease outbreaks. Improvement in yellow fever surveillance is needed as evidenced by the gross underreporting of cases (estimates as to the true number of cases vary widely and have put the underreporting factor between three- and 250-fold). A surveillance system must be sensitive enough to detect and appropriately investigate suspect cases. This is facilitated by a standardized definition of possible yellow fever cases, that is "acute fever followed by jaundice within two weeks of onset of symptoms, or with bleeding symptoms or with death within three weeks of onset". Suspect cases are reported to health authorities on a standardized case investigation form.
Ready access to laboratory testing is essential for confirming cases of yellow fever, as many other diseases have similar symptoms. WHO has recently recommended that every at-risk country have at least one national laboratory where basic yellow fever blood tests can be performed. Training programmes are being conducted and test materials are provided by WHO.
Given the likelihood that other cases have occurred (but have not been detected), one confirmed case of yellow fever is considered to be an outbreak. An investigation team should subsequently explore and define the outbreak. This produces data for analysis, which guides the epidemic control committee in preparing the appropriate outbreak response (e.g. emergency vaccination programmes, mosquito control activities). This committee should also plan for the long term by implementing or strengthening routine childhood yellow fever vaccination.
Mosquito control:
In general, eliminating potential mosquito breeding sites is an important and effective means for controlling mosquito-transmitted diseases. For prevention and control of yellow fever, priority is placed on vaccination programmes. For example, mosquito control programmes against wild mosquitoes in forested areas are not practical or cost-effective for preventing sylvatic infections. Spraying to kill adult mosquitoes during epidemics may have value by interrupting virus transmission. This "buys time" for immunity to develop after an emergency vaccination campaign.
summary:
Over the last 20 years the number of yellow fever epidemics has risen and more countries are reporting cases. Mosquito numbers and habitats are increasing. In both Africa and the Americas, there is a large susceptible, unvaccinated population. Changes in the world's environment, such as deforestation and urbanization, have increased contact with the mosquito/virus. Widespread international travel could play a role in spreading the disease. The priorities are vaccination of exposed populations, improved surveillance and epidemic preparedness.
Monday, October 5, 2009
Infectious Disease Cholera:
Introduction:
Januery 1991, epidemic cholera appeared in South America and quickly spread to several countries. A few cases have occurred in the United States among persons who traveled to South America or ate contaminated food brought back by travelers.
Cholera has been very rare in industrialized nations for the last 100 years; however, the disease is still common today in other parts of the world, including the Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan Africa.
Although cholera can be life-threatening, it is easily prevented and treated. In the United States, because of advanced water and sanitation systems, cholera is not a major threat; however, everyone, especially travelers, should be aware of how the disease is transmitted and what can be done to prevent it.
What is cholera??
Choleraa is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes it can be severe. Approximately one in 20 infected persons has severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these persons, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours.
How does a person get cholera??
A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. In an epidemic, the source of the contamination is usually the feces of an infected person. The disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of sewage and drinking water.
The cholera bacterium may also live in the environment in brackish rivers and coastal waters. Shellfish eaten raw have been a source of cholera, and a few persons in the United States have contracted cholera after eating raw or undercooked shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico. The disease is not likely to spread directly from one person to another; therefore, casual contact with an infected person is not a risk for becoming ill.
What is the risk for cholera in the United States??
In the United States, cholera was prevalent in the 1800s but has been virtually eliminated by modern sewage and water treatment systems. However, as a result of improved transportation, more persons from the United States travel to parts of Africa, Asia, or Latin America where epidemic cholera is occurring . U.S. travelers to areas with epidemic cholera may be exposed to the cholera bacterium. In addition, travelers may bring contaminated seafood back to the United States; foodborne outbreaks have been caused by contaminated seafood brought into this country by travelers.
What should travelers do to avoid getting cholera??
The risk for cholera is very low for U.S. travelers visiting areas with epidemic cholera. When simple precautions are observed, contracting the disease is unlikely.
All travelers to areas where cholera has occured should observe the following recommendations:
* Drink only water that you have boiled or treated with chlorine or iodine. Other safe beverages include tea and coffee made with boiled water and carbonated, bottled beverages with no ice.
* Eat only foods that have been thoroughly cooked and are still hot, or fruit that you have peeled yourself.
* Avoid undercooked or raw fish or shellfish, including ceviche.
* Make sure all vegetables are cooked avoid salads.
* Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors.
* Do not bring perishable seafood back to the United States.
A simple rule of thumb is "Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it. "
Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera??
A recently developed oral vaccine for cholera is licensed and available in other countries (Dukoral from SBL Vaccines). The vaccine appears to provide somewhat better immunity and have fewer adverse effects than the previously available vaccine. However, CDC does not recommend cholera vaccines for most travelers, nor is the vaccine available in the United States . Further information about Dukoral can be obtained from the manufacturers:
Can cholera be treated??
Cholera can be simply and successfully treated by immediate replacement of the fluid and salts lost through diarrhea. Patients can be treated with oral rehydration solution, a prepackaged mixture of sugar and salts to be mixed with water and drunk in large amounts. This solution is used throughout the world to treat diarrhea. Severe cases also require intravenous fluid replacement. With prompt rehydration, fewer than 1% of cholera patients die.
Antibiotics shorten the course and diminish the severity of the illness, but they are not as important as rehydration. Persons who develop severe diarrhea and vomiting in countries where cholera occurs should seek medical attention promptly.
How long will the current epidemic last??
Predicting how long a Cholera epidemic will last is difficult. The cholera epidemic in Africa has lasted more than 30 years. In areas with inadequate sanitation, a cholera epidemic cannot be stopped immediately, and, although far fewer cases have been reported from Latin America and Asia in recent years, there are no signs that the global Cholera pandemic will end soon. Major improvements in sewage and water treatment systems are needed in many countries to prevent future epidemic cholera.
What is the U.S. government doing to combat cholera??
U.S. and international public health authorities are working to enhance surveillance for cholera, investigate cholera outbreaks, and design and implement preventive measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigates epidemic cholera wherever it occurs and trains laboratory workers in proper techniques for identification of V. cholerae. In addition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides information on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cholera to public health officials and educates the public about effective preventive measures.
The U.S. Agency for International Development is sponsoring some of the international government activities and is providing medical supplies to affected countries.
The Environmental Protection Agency is working with water and sewage treatment operators in the United States to prevent contamination of water with the cholera bacterium.
The Food and Drug Administration is testing imported and domestic shellfish for V. cholerae and monitoring the safety of U.S. shellfish beds through the shellfish sanitation program.
With cooperation at the state and local, national, and international levels, assistance will be provided to countries where cholera is present, and the risk to U.S. residents will remain small.
Germs of Infectious Diseases or Communicable diseases:
Infectious diseases kill more people worldwide than any other single cause. Infectious diseases are caused by germs. Germs are tiny living things that are found everywhere - in air, soil and water. You can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Germs can also spread through animal and insect bites, kissing and sexual contact. Vaccines, proper hand washing and medicines can help prevent infections.
There are four main kinds of germs:
* Bacteria - one-celled germs that multiply quickly and may release chemicals which can make you sick
* Viruses - capsules that contain genetic material, and use your own cells to multiply
* Fungi - primitive vegetables, like mushrooms or mildew
* Protozoa - one-celled animals that use other living things for food and a place to live
Bacterial Infections:
Bacteria are living things that have only one cell. Under a microscope, they look like balls, rods or spirals. They are so small that a line of 1,000 could fit across a pencil eraser. Most bacteria won't hurt you - less than 1 percent makes people sick. Many are helpful. Some bacteria help to digest food, destroy disease-causing cells and give the body needed vitamins. Bacteria are also used in making healthy foods like yogurt and cheese.
But infectious bacteria can make you ill. They reproduce quickly in your body. Many give off chemicals called toxins, which can damage tissue and make you sick. Examples of bacteria that cause infections include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli.
Antibiotics are the usual treatment. When you take antibiotics, follow the directions carefully. Each time you take antibiotics, you increase the chances that bacteria in your body will learn to resist them. Later, you could get or spread an infection that those antibiotics cannot cure.
Viral Infections:
Viruses are capsules with genetic material inside. They are very tiny, much smaller than bacteria. Viruses cause familiar infectious diseases such as the common cold, flu and warts. They also cause severe illnesses such as AIDS, smallpox and hemorrhagic fevers.
Viruses are like hijackers. They invade living, normal cells and use those cells to multiply and produce other viruses like themselves. This eventually kills the cells, which can make you sick.
Viral infections are hard to treat because viruses live inside your body's cells. They are "protected" from medicines, which usually move through your bloodstream. Antibiotics do not work for viral infections. There are a few antiviral medicines available. Vaccines can help prevent you from getting many viral diseas
Fungal Infections or Mycoses:
If you have ever had athlete's foot or a yeast infection, you can blame a fungus. A fungus is actually a primitive vegetable. Mushrooms, mold and mildew are examples. Fungi live in air, in soil, on plants and in water. Some live in the human body. Only about half of all types of fungi are harmful.
Some fungi reproduce through tiny spores in the air. You can inhale the spores or they can land on you. As a result, fungal infections often start in the lungs or on the skin. You are more likely to get a fungal infection if you have a weakened immune system or take antibiotics.
Fungi can be difficult to kill. For skin and nail infections, you can apply medicine directly to the infected area. Oral antifungal medicines are also available for serious infections
Parasitic Diseases:
Parasites are living things that use other living things - like your body - for food and a place to live. You can get them from contaminated food or water, a bug bite, or sexual contact. Parasitic diseases can cause mild discomfort or be deadly.
Parasites range in size from tiny, one-celled organisms called protozoa to worms that can be seen with the naked eye. Some parasitic diseases happen in the United States. Contaminated water supplies can lead to Giardia infections. Cats can transmit toxoplasmosis, which is dangerous for pregnant women. Others, like malaria, are common in other parts of the world.
If you are traveling, it's important to drink only water you know is safe. Prevention is especially important. There are no vaccines for parasitic diseases. Some medicines are available to treat parasitic infections
Infectious Dieses:
- Anthrax
- Avian Influenza
- Blood Safety
- Brucellosis
- Campybacteriosis
- Chikungunya Fever
- Cholera
- C. difficile
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- CJD/vCJD
- Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)
- Cryptococcosis
- Cryptosporidiosis
- Cyclosporiasis
- Diphtheria
- Emerging Respiratory Infections
- Enterovirus 71
- Escherichia coli
- Foodborne, Waterborne and Zoonotic Infections
- Giardiasis
- H1N1 Flu Virus
- Hantavirus
- Haemophilus influenzae, type b
- Hepatitis
- Histoplasmosis
- HIV/AIDS
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- Influenza (flu)
- Japanese Encephalitis
- Leishmaniasis
- Leptospirosis
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Lyme Disease
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
- Malaria
- Measles
- Meningococcal
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Monkeypox
- Mumps
- Noroviruses
- Notifiable Diseases
- Pertussis
- Plague
- Pneumococcal
- Poliomyelitis
- Psittacosis
- Q Fever
- Rabies
- Rift Valley Fever
- Ringworm
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Roundworm
- Rubella
- Salmonella
- SARS
- Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
- Simian Foamy Virus (SFV)
- Smallpox
- Tetanus
- Toxoplasmosis
- Trichinellosis
- Tuberculosis (TB)
- Tularemia
- Typhoid
- Varicella
- West Nile virus
- Yellow Fever
